|
Plant botanical name, common name and
description |
|
Amelanchier alnifolia (Serviceberry, Saskatoon Berry)
A choice deciduous shrub, Serviceberry reaches 6 – 10.’ Serviceberry is
extremely hardy, ranging from the Pacific coast to the prairies, USDA zones,
3-10. Found on rocky, dry slopes and well-drained thickets, Serviceberry prefers
full sun and, aside from a generous layer of mulch, will require minimal
attention. This handsome shrub has outstanding blue-green foliage, delicate 2”
flower clusters and brilliant red and yellow fall color. The pea size, purple
fruits make fantastic pies and preserves. They were highly esteemed by Native
groups and used to improve the flavor of less desirable berries. Not only humans
love these fruit - wildlife of all varieties will come for a taste! I strongly
recommend this plant for all native plant gardens. |
|
|
Andromeda polifolia var. polifolia (Bog Rosemary)
An outstanding evergreen native for wet sites, Bog Rosemary is found across
North America and is hardy from USDA zones 2-9. This low-growing shrub has soft
pink flowers that hang like fairy bells from the narrow, leathery, ½ - 1”
leaves. It spreads by rhizomes and contains dangerous toxic compounds so must
not be eaten. Bog Rosemary prefers sun and as it likes moisture and acidity, add
a mixture of wet peat moss and compost to the planting hole. Bog Rosemary’s
beauty interrupts the vast swamplands in which it grows, much as the beauty of
its namesake, the Greek heroine, stood out against the ocean when her parents
ruthlessly tied her to the rocks as a sacrifice to the sea-monster.
|
 |
|
Arctostaphylos columbiana (Hairy Manzanita)
The finest and most widespread of the tall manzanitas, this evergreen shrub
grows quickly to 8 – 10.’ Found in rocky areas and steep slopes, from the
California coast to BC, Hairy Manzanita is hardy from USDA zones 7-10. It likes
full sun, well-drained, acidic soil, and a southern or western exposure and is
highly drought tolerant. Hairy green leaves form at the end of the twigs,
followed by delightful clusters of fragrant, white to light pink flowers. Later
in the year dark, rust-colored, edible fruits form. The reddish brown bark peels
and is smooth and lustrous underneath. Hairy Manzanita is one of the best
ornamental natives. My plants are larger select “specimen” plants that bloom
and produce seed. |
|
|
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (Kinnikinnick)
One of the finest evergreen ground covers, Kinnikinnick has long, trailing
branches, thickly clothed with dark green, leathery leaves. In winter the leaves
often become a regal burgundy color. The white – pink, urn-shaped flowers are
followed by vibrant red berries which birds love. This fast-growing plant is
found in USDA zones 5-10, from Alaska to New Mexico and east to Virginia in dry,
sunny and often sterile locations. Native groups smoked Kinnikinnick and the
berries are still used medicinally to treat bladder and kidney disorders.
Gardeners love Kinnikinnick for landscaping steep banks, rockeries and open
spaces in urban settings where it anchors the soil by rooting at intervals along
the prostrate stems.
|
|
|
Baccharis pilularis (Coyote Bush)
Coyote Brush is a tough evergreen shrub with thick shiny
triangular leaves. Its native territory is primarily the California and Oregon
Coast, USDA zones 8-9. Little can deter this plant from growing, not heat, wind
or lack of water; it is even fire and deer resistant. This 1-2 foot tall plant
will make a great ground or bank cover, or when grown singly will develop into a
small rounded shrub. The flowers are yellow and the female plants will produce
fuzzy seed heads. Early Native Americans used parts of this plant to make a tea
which relieved poison oak rash. |
 |
|
Ceanothus cuneatus var. cuneatus (Buck Brush)
This is
one of the taller forms of ceanothus. The small rounded leaves are grayish green
and deeply veined. It is found in dry USDA zone 8-10 regions of Oregon and on
down through Baja California. Its main requirements are full sun, dry soil with
perfect drainage, and no additional water once established. This shrub will be
covered in white fragrant flower clusters in early Spring. The flowers are later
followed by 3 horned fruit capsules. This is a great ceanothus for naturalizing
dry slopes in mild climate areas. Ceanothus cuneatus is known for its nitrogen
fixing abilities, valuable in areas needing regeneration.
|
 |
|
Ceanothus integerrimus (Deerbrush, Mountain Lilac)
A most beautiful 6-15’
shrub for large groupings. The late Spring lilac like flower clusters are found
in shades of white, blue, lavender, and occasionally pink. A truly drought
tolerant plant which requires very little water once established but demands
good drainage and part to full sun exposure. It is found growing in S.
Washington, Oregon, West of the Cascade Mountains in California and even desert
regions of New Mexico and Arizona. Deerbrush is cold hardy to USDA zones 5-9 but
will handle temperatures as low as -10F in a perfect cultural environment. It is
a semi-deciduous open shrub with large glossy leaves that can act as an
evergreen at lower elevations and completely deciduous in high elevations. It is
a wonderful shrub for mass planting on dry banks, and though the deer will
nibble, planting several will likely assure survival. |
 |
|
Ceanothus prostratus (Mahala Mat)
It is unusual for a
ceanothus to be found growing at subalpine levels, but Mahala Mat is most
comfortable there providing it receives an insulating layer of snow in winter.
High winds and high temperatures are not favorable for this low growing
evergreen groundcover; it needs a partial sun situation with good drainage. When
content Squaw Carpet will form a dense matte of glossy serrated leaves and
produce pale blue flower clusters and bright red horned fruit. Ceanothus
prostratus is native to the dry mountainous regions of Washington, Oregon and
California and can be occasionally found in Idaho and Nevada, USDA zones 5-8.
This is a very attractive plant given the proper growing conditions. |
 |
|
Ceanothus sanguineus (Red Stem Ceanothus)
This attractive little shrub is excellent in a site that has been burned,
disturbed or suffers very low fertility, where other shrubs would fail. In fact,
all members of the Ceanothus genus are symbiotic with nitrogen-fixing bacteria
and improve the soil for future and neighbouring plants. Growing in an erect and
loosely branched form, Red Stem Ceanothus reaches 5 – 10.’ The thin, dark
green leaves fall, revealing the slender, purple-red stems. In spring, small,
white flowers in dense 4" clusters erupt in glorious scent at the ends of
the branches. This shrub is highly adaptable, tolerating sun or shade, dry or
moist sites, as long as the drainage is good. It is found along the Pacific
Coast and is hardy between USDA zones 6-10. |
|
|
Ceanothus thrysiflorus (Blueblossom, California Lilac)
The queen of wild evergreen lilacs, Blueblossom reigns with grace and majesty
from southwestern Oregon to southern California (USDA zones 8-10). The flowers
resemble the top of the “thyrsus” - the staff of Dionysus, that unruly Greek God
of wine. This particular variety is a selected compact form which grows rapidly
to about 6’ tall and 5’ wide - ideal for gardens close to buildings. It is
covered with bright, evergreen leaves and beautiful, deep lilac blue flowers in
the spring which are intense--vibrant! Blueblossom does well in sun or shade and
requires minimum care or water. Blueblossom is a must for west side gardens. |
|
|
Ceanothus velutinus (Snowbrush)
This evergreen shrub will greet you with an intoxicating, spicy fragrance when
you brush against it or on hot summer days. It reaches heights of 2-8,’ with
dark green, sticky leaves and small white flowers in tidy 5” ‘pom poms.’ Found
widely in the West, from British Columbia down through the Western United States
in USDA zones 7-10. Snowbrush is a pioneer following fire as the fire stimulates
seed germination: another example of Nature’s supreme sagacity, as the Snowbrush
“fixes” nitrogen and nitrogen is much in demand after the devastation of fire! |
|
|
Cercis occidentalis (Western Redbud)
A fine deciduous shrub, the Western Redbud favors dry, sunny areas. A true
native beauty, it graces the landscape from the Pacific Coast to Utah, in USDA
zones 6-10. It usually develops multiple stems with an open form, to 8.’ In
spring, brilliant magenta flowers like sweet peas burst forth even before the
blue-green leaves are open! Absolutely fabulous! Reddish brown seed pods persist
through the winter months. The flowers, buds, seed pods and seeds are all edible
– just picture those glorious blossoms tossed in a salad or strewn across a
chocolate cake! Western Redbud is also symbiotic with nitrogen fixing bacteria,
and improves the soil for its neighbours.
|
 |
|
Chrysolepis sempervirens (Bush
Chinquapin) A very attractive
low-spreading evergreen shrub with rounded top, reaches 2 to 7 feet high.
Bark is smooth. Leaves are gray-green on top and
rusty-gold on the underneath side.
Blooming in June, the flower is green and insignificant,
can be ill-smelling. Burs are similar to chestnut.
It occurs naturally in mountainous regions of California
and southern Oregon along the Pacific Coast from the San Jacinto and San
Bernadino mountains north through the Coast Ranges to southwestern Oregon where
it forms partnerships with Greenleaf Manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula), Mountain
Whitethorn (Ceanothus cordulatus), Snowbrush Ceanothus (Ceanothus
viscidiflorus). On the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range, it
shares space with Western Juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) and other shrubs.
As for location, this shrub prefers coarse textured
gravelly or rocky soils in full sun. It is drought tolerant.
|
|
Cornus sericea ssp. occidentalis (Creek Dogwood)
This handsome, deciduous shrub is very similar to Red Osier Dogwood. The only
real difference between the two is that this variety does not spread by
underground runners (stolons). Its range is limited to the west side of the
Cascades and it is hardy from USDA zones 7-10.
|
 |
|
Cornus sericea ssp. stolonifera (Red-Osier Dogwood)
An ideal deciduous shrub, Red-Osier Dogwood is both attractive and useful.
Forming many stems, it grows rapidly in sun or shade to 15,’ (it can be
sheared). The leaves are opposite and have deep, distinct veins, turning a
spectacular crimson in fall. When the leaves fall, they reveal the red, showy
twigs, stunning against a backdrop of snow. Flat topped clusters white flowers
form in spring followed by blue-white berries. Red Osier Dogwood is found across
North America, in USDA zones 5-10. This plant is invaluable in rehabilitation as
it spreads by runners to hold soil, slow water flow and increase sedimentation.
Wildlife and pollinating insects rely on this shrub for food. |
 |
|
Cornus sessilis (Blackfruit Dogwood)
A most desirable variety, the Blackfruit Dogwood is extremely rare and is native
only to California and Southern Oregon. It is hardy from USDA zones 7-10 and
thrives in shaded, moist, acidic locations as an understory plant or companion
to larger, well-established trees or shrubs. It would be ideal with mature
Rhododendrons. This deciduous "woodlander" grows quickly to 15’ and attains
widths of 3-9.’ It has lovely fall foliage and indiscreet butter-yellow to white
flowers. The fruit or berries change from white to orange to black as they age.
|
 |
|
Garrya elliptica (Silk-Tassel)
This regal evergreen shrub reaches 8,' remaining dense and shrubby as it grows.
The leaves are glossy green with gray undersides. The late winter months see the
branches adorned with long, pendant male catkins to 10" - a unique and airy
display. Purple gray flowers follow. Silk-Tassel is an excellent choice for
coastal gardens as it favors moderate temperatures, full sun and tolerates mild
summer drought and salt spray. It is found growing between western Washington
and southern California, USDA zones 7-10. |
|
|
Garrya fremontii (Fremont Silk Tassel or Fever Bush)
This delightful evergreen shrub is somewhat similar to Garrya elliptica, but has
smaller winter catkins. Found in Washington, Oregon and California, on steep,
rocky slopes, it is hardy in USDA zones 7-10. At maturity, Fremont Silk-Tassel
will reach heights of 3 - 9' and widths of 8-10.' Bright green foliage with
light undersides contrasts with the decorative, yellow flowers and the
subsequent purple berries. Fremont Silk-Tassel is a critical browse plant for
many wildlife species. Specimen from southwestern Oregon. Male and female plants
(random).
|
 |
|
Gaultheria shallon (Salal)
This sturdy evergreen shrub is found widely along the Pacific Coast and is hardy
in USDA zones 8-10. Salal grows from 3 - 6,' mostly under evergreens where it
spreads quickly to form dense thickets. Its dark green, lustrous leaves are
popular among commercial florists. White or pink flowers in late spring attract
hummingbirds. The fruits are plentiful and delicious, prized by hikers, small
children, Native groups and bears. Use Salal under evergreens & deciduous trees
where most shrubs will not survive or as a low-maintenance ground cover. Salal
is extremely adaptable, thriving in sun, shade, humus, infertile, dry or moist
soils. It requires little care once established. |
|
|
Holodiscus discolor (Oceanspray, Creambush)
A beautiful deciduous shrub grows to 20' in the wild - can be kept to 10' in the
garden by pruning (the trimmings add character to bouquets). Pendants of creamy
white flowers, whose fragrance improves with age, form in early summer and
persist through fall and winter. This plant is sometimes referred to as
"Ironwood," a reference to the incredible strength of the wood. Indeed
the wood was carved into spikes and used as nails are now. Oceanspray prefers
full sun and is found on dry, rocky slopes from southern BC to California and
east to Montana (USDA zones 5-10). |
 |
|
Ledum glandulosum (Labrador or Trapper's Tea)
A delightful evergreen shrub, reminiscent of a Rhododendron. Indeed they are
both members of the acid-loving heather family. It is at home in bog lands with
low nutrients from the Pacific Coast to the Rocky Mountains, in USDA zones 4-9.
Labrador tea forms many branches and grows to 3.' There is a characteristic
rust-colored "fur" on the undersides of the 2 ½" long, drooping leaves The plant
emits a lovely, spicy odor and rewards its keepers with clusters of decorative,
white flowers in late summer. As the name implies, Natives and early settlers
made tea from the leaves but great care must be taken in identification as it
has several toxic look-alikes.
|
 |
|
Lonicera ciliosa (Orange Honeysuckle)
A beautiful honeysuckle often found scrambling up forest shrubs such as Red
Osier Dogwood or Oceanspray. The leaves are opposite and oval, the last pair
being joined together to form a circle from which spring spirals of large,
orange, trumpet-shaped flowers. These flowers are attractive to hummingbirds,
butterflies and children young and old who savor the sweet nectar at their base.
In late orange summer berries form and they are considered inedible to humans.
Orange Honeysuckle is native to the west side of the Cascade Mountains and is
hardy from USDA zones 6-9. |
 |
|
Lonicera hispidula (Pink Honeysuckle)
A delightful climbing or sprawling honeysuckle with small, 1” pink flowers, with
a touch of purple, instead of the usual yellow. This honeysuckle is found on
dry, rocky slopes in full sun from BC to California, USDA zones 6-10. It is
extremely drought tolerant and wonderfully perfumed.
|
|
|
Lonicera involucrata (Twinberry)
A fast-growing, handsome shrub, in the Honeysuckle family, Twinberry branches
freely, reaching heights of 6 - 10.’ The foliage is glossy and dark green. Small
yellow flowers form in pairs. Two pairs of telltale burgundy bracts surround
twin purple-black fruit. Twinberry likes sun or partial shade and moisture. It
is found in freshwater and brackish wetlands alike across Canada and along the
Pacific Coast from Alaska to California (USDA zones 4-10). |
|
|
Mahonia [Berberis] aquifolium (Tall Oregon Grape)
This superb evergreen shrub is the State flower of Oregon. Hardy in USDA zones
5-10, it is at home along the Pacific Coast from BC to northern California.
Oregon Grape can reach 10' tall, but is usually 5' in gardens. In spring, large
clusters of small golden flowers unfurl from shiny green, holly-like foliage.
New growth is copper color in the spring. The blue fruits are tart and improve
after frost. They are often gathered for jelly or wine. Used to treat a wide
variety of ailments, Oregon Grape species contain the extremely potent alkaloid,
berberine, (also found in goldenseal) which is antiseptic and stimulates the
liver and spleen. Use this plant for hedges, borders and drifts. It flourishes
in sun or shade and is highly drought tolerant: perfect for the Northwest. |
|
|
Mahonia [Berberis] nervosa (Cascade Oregon Grape)
Cascade Oregon Grape is an excellent ground cover in partially shaded areas.
This species has the same beautiful flowers and fruit as Tall Oregon Grape but
has longer leaves and reaches heights of only 2.' The flowers are highly
aromatic and, like all Mahonias, the autumn display is spectacular, with
burgundy, red, gold and bronze. This plant is widespread in open forest areas or
in the understory from BC to California and in Idaho as well. |
|
|
Mahonia [Berberis] repens (Creeping Oregon Grape or Truckee Barberry)
This is the superior ground cover of the Oregon Grape species, recommended to
cover large open areas not suitable for lawn. Growing a mere 12-18" tall and
spreading by rhizomes, Creeping Oregon Grape tolerates sun or shade and is
drought resistant after established. In the wild, this variety flourishes in
areas that have been recently logged as well as forested areas along the Pacific
Coast and throughout the southwestern States, USDA zones 4-10. It has dull green
holly-like leaves, fragrant yellow flowers and blue-purple edible fruits. This
species is considered endangered and is protected by the state of California. |
|
|
Myrica californica (Pacific Wax Myrtle, California Wax Myrtle)
An outstanding evergreen shrub, Pacific Wax Myrtle is typical of dune landscapes
but is perfect for most native gardens. A dense, bushy shrub to 15,' it has
clean, glossy, green leaves throughout the year. Small flowers form before the
leaves and are followed by purple nutlet fruits that are attractive to birds and
from which you can render wax. Hardy between USDA zones 7-10, this shrub is
found from Washington to southern California and in isolated places on Vancouver
Island, in full sun or shade. It "fixes" nitrogen and therefore tolerates poor
soil. Use as a specimen or hedging plant, as it survives high winds.
|
|
|
Myrica gale (Sweet Gale, Pacific Bayberry)
A
deciduous shrub found in moist situations such as swamps and bogs. Sweet Gale is
very abundant along the West coast and along coastal Alaska, but it is also
found in some parts of Midwestern and Eastern States in USDA zones 1-8. The
flowers are catkins with female and male flowers on separate bushes. The leaves
emerge after the catkins and are long and leathery with strong serration and
aromatic yellow glands. Small nutlets will form and remain on the bush. The
branches of this shrub are used to flavor what is called gale beer. This is a
small to medium shrub that will grow from 2-6 feet tall and will spread by
suckers to form colonies. Myrica gale is important as a wetland plant and for
its nitrogen fixing abilities.
|
 |
|
Oemleria cerasiformis (Indian Plum, Oso Berry)
A harbinger of spring, with pendant, greenish-white clusters of flowers in early
March, Indian Plum grows rapidly to 15 - 20.' The many long, slender stems grow
erect in full sun but in the dappled shade they arch majestically. The foliage
is a cheerful lime green, turning yellow in autumn. In early summer, olive size,
bittersweet, purple berries dot the branches but are almost immediately eaten by
birds. Native groups collected the berries for eating. Indian Plum is found from
BC to California, west of the Cascade Mountains, USDA zones 8-9. It prefers
moist sites in full to partial shade but will survive in full sun. |
|
|
Oplopanax horridus (Devil's Club)
A truly unique addition to the garden, Devil's Club has a tall, wand-like naked
stem with vicious spines, topped with huge palmate leaves surrounding the spike
of tiny flowers. In the summer, the flowers become a pyramid of brilliant, red
berries. This shrub grows from 3-9' tall and needs a moist and shady spot.
Closely related to ginseng, it has many medicinal properties and was one of the
most important medicinal plants for coastal Natives. Consider planting Devil's
Club as a protector of rare specimens or along trails to keep hikers from
exploring: few will venture past the sharp thorns. Native from Alaska to
southern Oregon and east to the Great Lakes, this shrub is hardy in USDA zones
4-9.
|
 |
|
Paxistima [Pachistima] myrsinites (Oregon Boxleaf, Falsebox)
This low evergreen native is similar to Japanese holly and boxwood. It grows
prostrate to 3' high, with dark, leathery leaves 1" across and tiny red flowers.
Found on dry, rocky slopes from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast, it is
hardy in USDA zones 3-9. In the wild, Oregon Box provides valuable winter browse
for wildlife. For the garden, select a sunny to partially shaded site and ensure
excellent drainage. Used around conifers, borders and paths, Oregon Box provides
year-round greenery with little to no watering and care. |
|
|
Philadelphus lewisii (Mock Orange, Syringa)
This open shrub branches freely and quickly to attain heights of 4-10.' It is
extremely adaptable to soil and light conditions, very drought tolerant and
requires minimal attention once established. In return for your small efforts,
you will be richly rewarded in late June with full clusters of large, snow-white
flowers whose scent is positively intoxicating. The name
"philadelphus" means "brotherly love," and it is no surprise as one smell
of the glorious fragrance and all traces of bitterness evaporate. Hardy from
USDA zones 5-10, Mock Orange is native from BC to California and east to
Montana. It is the state flower of Idaho. |
|
|
Physocarpus capitatus (Pacific Ninebark)
This large, spreading shrub grows rapidly to 12,' with small, maple-like leaves
and thin, shreddy bark. Some say there are nine layers of bark, leading to the
name. Small white flowers unfurl in a dense cluster of 3-5," like ready-made
corsages for a summer gala. In fall the leaves turn vivid shaded of red and
orange. Pacific Ninebark grows in sun or shade. It likes moist sites and will
tolerate seasonal flooding, as well as summer droughts. It is at home from
Alaska to California and is hardy between USDA zones 3-10. It is considered to
be poisonous by Natives.
|
|
|
Physocarpus malvaceus (Mallow Ninebark)
Mallow
Ninebark grows among pine and fir on rocky hillsides and slopes. This is a tough
draught tolerant medium sized shrub that resembles a currant. Mallow Ninebark
frequents eastern portions of British Columbia, Washington and Oregon and also
parts of Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Utah and Colorado. It is cold hardy and will
endure hot dry conditions, USDA zones 4-8. It is a deciduous shrub with lobed
leaves that turn brilliant red in the Fall. The flowers are white with 5 petals
and yellow centers and appear in early Summer followed by brown seed husks in
the Fall. As the shrubs mature, the gray bark becomes very stringy and peels.
This shrub is a great choice for tough climates.
|
 |
|
Potentilla fruticosa (Shrubby Cinquefoil)
A beautiful ornamental to 3,' Shrubby Cinquefoil has small, downy leaves and
masses of large, yellow blossoms that remain for a long season. Birds feed on
the small berries that follow. This shrub is native to alpine meadows, northern
bogs and disturbed sites across North America and in Europe and Asia at high
elevations (USDA 3-9). It thrives in full sun and is a wonderful addition to the
rock garden or an out of the way spot, as it requires minimal care.
|
|
|
Prunus americana (American Plum, Wild Plum)
This is a
native plum found in the Rocky Mountain region as well as the Midwest and
Eastern portions of the United States. It is a thicket forming large shrub to
small tree that will reach approximately 20 feet in height and will grow almost
as wide. The flowers are white with red sepals and appear before the dark green
leaves. Plums are always good for attracting and feeding birds and this one is
no exception. The yellow to red fruit is a little sour out of hand but works
fine for jam or jelly. This is a tough versatile draught tolerant native that
will also thrive in moist soil in USDA zones 3-9.
|
 |
|
Rhododendron albiflorum (Cascade Azalea, White Flowered Rhododendron)
The
appearance of this shrub is more like the rhododendrons we term azaleas. It has
small deciduous leaves, reaches 3-6’and has an open branching habit. Cascade
Azalea has a limited range within British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, Idaho,
and Montana at sub alpine to alpine elevations along moist forest slopes and
stream banks. The creamy bell shaped Summer flowers are replaced by brown fruit
capsules that pair up with brightly colored Fall foliage. Not being a poisonous
member of the rhododendron family, Native Americans utilized parts of this plant
medicinally as a tea or gargle for stomach and throat issues and a dressing for
skin injuries. Grow Cascade Azalea in USDA zones 6-8.
|
 |
|
Rhododendron macrophyllum (Pacific Rhododendron)
A large, evergreen shrub with thick, oblong leaves and a rounded top. They grow
compact and dense in the open, and incredibly tall and leggy in the shade during
their very long lives; expect heights of 7-8.' Their shape makes them amenable
to underplanting with ferns or smaller flowering plants. In early spring or
summer they erupt in flamboyant clusters of large, rose-purple/white flowers-
every bit as spectacular as the cultivated varieties. They need an acidic soil,
so add elemental sulfur and peat moss to the planting hole and/or mulch with
shredded oak leaves or pine needles. They add a welcome splash of colour under
conifers. Native from southern BC to California (USDA zones 6-9), they are the
Washington State flower. |
 |
|
Rhododendron occidentale (Western Azalea)
One of the most stunning, native flowering shrubs in the Pacific Northwest, the
Western Azalea is deciduous and grows in an open form with multiple stems to
10.' Showy, fragrant white to pink flower clusters open in June through July.
They are reminiscent of day lilies and emit a wonderful fragrance that travels
for a considerable distance. Western Azalea is native only to southern Oregon
and northern California but is hardy between USDA 5-10. It thrives in a
consistently moist, acidic soil in sun or shade. Exceptional crop this year.
|
 |
|
Rhus glabra (Smooth Sumac)
A fine, deciduous shrub, Smooth Sumac grows 9-12.' The deep green leaves are
alternate and compound with many long, sharply toothed leaflets and pale
undersides. They turn a brilliant scarlet in autumn. This species is found
across North America (USDA 2-10) and is an excellent pioneer species in a
disturbed area. It is exceptionally drought and heat tolerant and does not
require a fertile soil to become established. Birds love the bright red, fuzzy
seeds which grow in erect clusters of as many as 700 individual fruits and
persist throughout the winter. The fruits are edible and have medicinal
properties. Perfect for native gardens.
|
|
|
Rhus trilobata (Three Leaf Sumac, Skunkbush)
The name
Skunkbush was given this shrub due to the odd odor emitted when the leaves are
crushed. This sumac is a deciduous 3-8’ shrub with a dense rounded habit. It is
native to dry sunny regions across most of the Western US and as Far East as
Texas USDA zones 3-9. Native Americans produced baskets from the branches, a
black dye from the leaves and used the berries in ointments. The yellow flower
clusters appear before the three lobed glossy leaves in Spring. The red berries
are edible but not considered tasty, the birds like them and they persist into
Winter as a food source. The Fall leaf color provides a vivid display of bright
reds and yellows.
|
 |
|
Ribes aureum var. aureum (Golden Currant)
An attractive, deciduous shrub, Golden Currant grows vigorously from 3-10.'
Spicy, golden-yellow flowers from February to April on tall, wand-like stems are
sought by hummingbirds. Birds like the edible black fruits that ripen in
mid-July, as do many jam connoisseurs. Fine for native gardens, this currant is
at home in much of North America, except the extreme southern and eastern
states. It is hardy in USDA zones 2-10 and is highly tolerant of drought. |
 |
|
Ribes cereum var. cereum (Wax Currant)
This 6' deciduous shrub, with its many branches, is found on the east side of
Cascade Mountains and south to New Mexico. It has small round leaves and fancy
white to pink blooms. The red-orange berries are both decorative and edible. |
|
|
Ribes divaricatum (Black
Gooseberry, Coast Black Gooseberry)
A common
gooseberry found along the coast from British Columbia to California at lower
elevations in USDA zones 7-8. This gooseberry was found in Lewis and Clark’s
collection of plants. It is not as shrub like as many gooseberries are; instead
it produces arching canes that root as they touch the ground and eventually form
thickets. The racemes of bell shaped flowers range from green to a reddish
purple and the round edible berries are smooth and nearly black when ripe. This
gooseberry has few thorns in clusters of three and has three lobed leaves. Coast
Black Gooseberry grows best in moist open areas especially along stream banks.
|
|
|
Ribes menziesii (Prickly Gooseberry, Menzie's Gooseberry)
This
gooseberry is a 3-6’ shrub with semi-deciduous lobed leaves. It has a limited
native range along the California coast and the Southern coast of Oregon USDA
zones 8-9. Prickly Gooseberry is grown more for its ornamental flowers than for
its berries. The fuchsia-like blooms are white and purple and are very
attractive to butterflies and hummingbirds. Larger birds are partial to the
fruit, so this is a great plant for wildlife habitat. Prickly Gooseberry prefers
part shade and is very draught tolerant making it quite compatible to the
woodland setting.
|
 |
|
Ribes sanguineum (Red-Flowering Currant)
A beautiful, ornamental deciduous shrub, it grows rapidly to 8-10.' The many
upright stems lack the sharp spines of other currants. Gorgeous red to pink
flowers bloom in spring before the leaves unfurl. Hummingbirds flock to the
flowers from their southern migrations. Black, glaucous fruits are edible but
not tasty. Native to the Pacific Coast (USDA zones 6-10), Red-Flowering Currant
prefers dry, sunny locations and is not hampered by drought. One of the best
natives for your garden, it requires little care but is reliably beautiful. I
highly recommend this shrub. |
|
|
Rosa gymnocarpa (Bald-Hip Rose, Little Wild Rose)
This beautiful native rose is slender and delicate. It grows rapidly to 3-5' and
is adorned with tiny 1" pink flowers with single petals in attractive
clusters. The foliage is fine, even lacy and the branches are bristled rather
than thorned. The naked hips are a brilliant red and remain on stems throughout
winter. This rose is native to the Pacific Coast in shady, moist locations. It
will not, however, tolerate waterlogged soils. It is hardy from USDA zones 7-9. |
|
|
Rosa nutkana (Nootka Rose)
This delightful native rose has large, bright, orange hips and clusters of one
to three 2" pink flowers with a sweet, almost cinnamon scent. Nootka Rose
grows very fast, reaching 3-6' and spreading by suckers to form dense thickets,
where birds seek shelter and build their nests. Found from Alaska to California
and east to Utah and Colorado, Nootka Rose is hardy from USDA zones 4-9. It
likes moisture, but not boggy conditions, and full sun. It is a border plant,
found where the forest meets the field, road or seashore. |
|
|
Rosa pisocarpa (Clustered Rose, Peafruit Rose)
A beautiful native rose that has several clustered instead of solitary pink
flowers. It blooms from May-July and often for a second time in fall. The
leaflets are sharply pointed and have hints of blue, while the branches are long
and arch gracefully. They are armed with vicious thorns, providing birds and
small wildlife a safe haven from predators. A riparian species, the Clustered
Rose loves moist, even waterlogged, soils and will grow well in a wet garden
where other roses would fail. It is found along the Pacific Coast to the Cascade
Mountains, USDA zones 7-8. This is a superior variety for crafters and lovers of
rosehip jelly as the yield of rosehips are immense! Save some for the birds,
though! |
|
|
Rosa woodsii (Wood's Rose)
A superb native rose, with rose-pink flowers in early June. The bright red hips
persist throughout winter, and are used as food by birds. A fast grower, the
Wood's Rose reaches 4.' It is the hardiest of the natives roses I carry,
surviving in the harsh conditions from the Rocky Mountains through the Cascades,
USDA zones 4-6. It is drought tolerant, needs little sun and can survive on
steep, rocky slopes with little topsoil. An excellent choice for difficult
sites. |
|
|
Rubus leucodermis (Blackcap, Whitebark Raspberry)
Do not be confused
by the black color of the ripe berries, they are actually classified as
raspberries because the fruit comes off without the core. The growth habit is
shrubby with arching whitish canes that will root and form into a thicket.
Native berries will spread but are not as invasive as alien species; this one is
native to Alaska and all of the Western States USDA zones 1-8. Blackcaps are
frequently found growing in open sunny sites that have been disturbed or
clear-cut. Native Americans used the berries for food and once used them to make
dye. The shoots were also eaten and have medicinal properties. Black caps make
good jams and jellies and are beneficial as food for wildlife.
|
|
|
Rubus parviflorus (Thimbleberry)
An excellent native bramble shrub with thornless stems - a treat for berry
lovers, but not as much of a treat as the taste! Thimbleberry grows rapidly and
forms dense thickets of upright 4-6' stems. The large, downy maple-like leaves
are 4-8" across and the blossoms are pure white and 2." The tart, red, edible
fruits tumble into your hand when ripe. Birds love these berries and often it is
a race to see who gets the first taste! Thimbleberries like moist soils but will
tolerate drier sites. They are found between Alaska and California and east to
the Great Lakes are hardy in USDA zones 3-9. Both the berries and the sprouts
were prized by Native groups. |
|
|
Rubus spectabilis (Salmonberry)
This attractive native bramble shrub is the favourite of hummingbirds and was
highly esteemed by Coastal Natives. Growing fast and erect, bushes reach 6' with
a 6' spread. The large, reddish-purple flowers give way to yellow-rose tinted,
edible berries. Their taste varies radically from bush to bush. Salmonberry is
found in open forest areas, in sun or part shade, usually following a
disturbance. Hardy from USDA zone 5-9, Salmonberry grows along the Pacific Coast
from Alaska to California. |
|
|
Rubus ursinus (Pacific Blackberry)
A small bramble shrub, this is the only native blackberry in the Pacific
Northwest. It occurs from Baja, California to BC and east to Idaho, USDA zones
5-10. It does well with small amounts of irrigation and thrives everywhere from
sun to full shade. Many claim that its small black berries are the tastiest
blackberries - wonderful pies!
|
|
|
Sambucus mexicana [cerulea] (Blue Elderberry)
This handsome, deciduous shrub, with its multiple stems, reaches 6-12’ in little
time. The bright green leaves grow from stems as pithy as raspberry canes and
surround the distinct flat-topped clusters of flowers. Shrubs yield an
impressive amount of delectable, blue-black berries with a high vitamin content
that are used in pies, wines and preserves. Birds and other wildlife flock to
the berries as they ripen. Do take care not to eat the berries uncooked and
remember that the roots, leaves and bark contain cyanide and must be avoided.
Blue elderberry is generally an interior rather than coastal plant found from
Alberta to New Mexico and west to the Pacific Coast (USDA 5-10). It grows well
in sun or shade and tolerates a moderately dry site. |
|
|
Sambucus racemosa var. arborescens (Red Elderberry)
This attractive coastal elderberry quickly reaches 5-8.’ The many branches arch
gracefully and are amenable to pruning. Red Elderberry has erect spikes of white
flowers and bright red berries that are consumed voraciously by birds. Many
sources suggest that they are inedible or at least disagreeable to humans,
although Native peoples used them as a food source. This species is found from
Alaska to San Francisco in USDA zones 6-9. It tolerates deep shade and poor soil
and likes a consistently moist site. Use this native generously under cedars or
along the north edge of a pond or stream.
|
|
|
Sorbus scopulina (Dwarf Mountain Ash)
An attractive multi-stemmed deciduous shrub, this native is an excellent
alternative to the European Mountain Ash (S. aucuparia), which can become
invasive. Reaching 6-12,’ this shrub has handsome foliage – the deep green
leaflets are neatly arranged, and turn orange-red in the fall. Attractive orange
berries that lure the birds, most notably the beautiful waxwings and grosbeaks,
follow the clusters of creamy flowers. This species grows in the interior from
Alaska to New Mexico and east to the Dakotas, being hardy from USDA zones 3-10.
It is adaptable but prefers a moist site. |
 |
|
Sorbus sitchensis (Sitka Mountain Ash)
A small shrub, the Sitka Mountain Ash is found across western North America and
is more often seen on the coast than S. scopulina. Growing only to 3-10,’ it
forms multiple stems. The fine foliage is composed of 7-11 leaflets along a leaf
axis and they put on a spectacular display of orange and red in autumn. In
spring, clusters of creamy white flowers form, followed by glossy red berry-like
fruit, very attractive to birds. Found from Alaska to northern California and
east into the Yukon and Montana (USDA 3-10), S. sitchensis prefers moist, rich
soil and several hours of full sun.
|
|
|
Spiraea betulifolia var. lucida (Birchleaf Spirea, Shiny-Leaf Spirea)
It is little wonder that the elegant Spirea shrubs are also called “bridal
wreath shrubs.” The flowers are petite and creamy white, in flat-topped “powder
puffs.” They attract ladybugs and other beneficial insects. The foliage is
fine and turns a pleasing color in fall, where it persists throughout much of
the winter. This spirea has a slow to moderate growth rate and does not spread
quickly. Its mature height is only 3.’ Found from the eastern Cascades to the
Prairies (USDA 5-8) on dry sites and steep slopes, Birchleaf Spirea has a deep
taproot to anchor it against erosion and wind. Choose a sunny site and enjoy.
|
 |
|
Spiraea douglasii (Douglas Spirea)
A fine, deciduous shrub, Douglas Spirea grows incredibly quickly to reach 3-4.’
Beautiful pinkish-purple flower plumes crown the plant in July and often bloom a
second time in the fall. The flowers grow in an erect spike, unlike the above
Spireas. The leaves are a blue-green and their undersides flash silver in the
breeze. This species is invaluable in wetland restoration projects as it spreads
rapidly to prevent erosion and tolerates seasonal flooding. It favors moist,
open sunny areas and is at home along the coast from BC to northern California
(USDA 6-9). This plant was respected by Native groups for its many medicinal
properties.
|
|
|
Spiraea splendens [densiflora] (Subalpine Spirea)
Subalpine Spirea is similar to Spirea betulifolia with its flat-topped flower
clusters, however the flowers are a beautiful, dark pink and the shrub grows a
mere 12-36” tall. Butterflies flock to the delicate flowers. Subapline Spirea
is at home along the Pacific Coast and east to Montana. It is hardy from USDA
zones 5-9. While it tolerates shade, it is far happier in a sunny, moist site.
Subalpine Spirea is rarely available commercially.
|
|
|
Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus (Snowberry)
Snowberry is a deciduous shrub that grows 2-4’ and spreads rapidly. Discreet,
pink-white, bell shaped flowers adorn the delicate, thin twigs. Hummingbirds
feed on the nectar. The leaves grow in pairs and have a lovely blue tint. The
shrub is densely branched and often harbors many birds, notably the charming
Rufous-Sided Towhee. The large, white berries last through the winter and look
wonderful both on the bush and added to Christmas wreaths and winter bouquets.
The berries are inedible (indeed there are very few edible white berries in the
Northwest). Snowberry will succeed in both sun and shade and needs very little
care once established. It is native to both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and
is hardy between USDA zones 4-10. |
|
|
Symphoricarpos occidentalis (Western Snowberry, Wolfberry)
Western
Snowberry is named for its puffy white berries that turn somewhat reddish in the
Fall, and while the clusters of berries are very ornamental they are not edible.
This 3’ deciduous shrub has stiff upright branches and gray green oblong leaves.
It produces attractive pink to white urn shaped flowers at the branch ends in
early Summer. It has a thicket forming habit making it a good choice for exposed
sunny slopes and hillsides that are prone to soil erosion. Western Snowberry can
be found across the upper portion of the United States, USDA zone 3-9, but does
not appear to do well in the Southern States. |
 |
|
Vaccinium caespitosum (Dwarf Huckleberry, Dwarf Blueberry)
This low, matted deciduous huckleberry grows to about 6" tall and suckers freely
to fill in an empty spot in the garden. Flowers are tiny, white-pink urns and
the berries are blue with a pale gray bloom -- sweet and delicious! Found in
bogs and alpine tundra from Alaska to California, Dwarf Huckleberry is hardy
from USDA zones 2-10. Native groups cherished the berries and practiced
controlled burning to encourage their growth. This plant needs acidic soil, so
add elemental sulfur and peat moss to the planting hole and/or mulch with
shredded oak leaves or pine needles. Consider growing it in the shade of Pacific
Rhododendron or Western Azalea as it does well in shade and needs a similarly
moist and acidic soil. |
 |
|
Vaccinium membranaceum (Mountain Huckleberry)
A tall, deciduous shrub, Mountain Huckleberry is common at mid- to high
elevations in open areas, especially after a forest fire. Found from Alaska to
California and east to the Great Lakes (USDA 3-10), it is versatile and does
fine at lower elevations. While it prefers moist sites, it can survive seasonal
drought. This huckleberry has fine, oval leaves that turn vibrant shades of fire
red or maroon in the fall. The flowers are yellow-pink and small, while the
purple to black, shiny fruit are delicious for pies and jam (that is if you
manage to not eat them all when picking them – a definite challenge!). |
|
|
Vaccinium ovalifolium [alaskense] (Oval Leaf Huckleberry)
A deciduous huckleberry, this shrub is found from
Alaska to Oregon and east across much of Canada and the northern states. It is
hardy from USDA zones 1-9. It requires an acidic, even extremely acidic soil. If
you have a neutral or alkaline soil, be sure to add elemental sulfur and peat
moss to the planting hole and/or mulch with shredded oak leaves or pine needles.
The oval leaves grow on reddish twigs that bear delicious and plentiful berries.
They are ¼” and blue-black with bluish bloom. This species is often found
growing with Mountain Huckleberry. It spreads rapidly to form thickets.
|
|
|
Vaccinium ovatum (Evergreen Huckleberry)
The
superb Evergreen Huckleberry is happy in sun or shade. The delicious fruit for
pies, jam and unique toppings is an added bonus. In forested areas it can reach
15’ and spreads to form beautiful, dense stands. The glossy, dark green leaves
are small and the new shoots are a bronzy red. In full sun, it dwarfs to 3-5,’
and the mature foliage often turns reddish purple. Hummingbirds love the small,
pink-white flowers like fairy bells. Late in the summer, black-purple fruits
form. Native only to the Pacific Coast (USDA 6-9), it likes acidic soil and can
tolerate salt spray and strong winds. Pamper it with a layer of mulch and you
will be richly rewarded with a first class ornamental shrub for the native
garden.
|
|
|
Vaccinium parvifolium (Red Huckleberry)
”Parviflorum” means “small-leafed” and indeed the foliage and twigs are
delicate on this shrub. Tiny greenish to flesh-colored flowers tuck themselves
along the green twigs. Fruits are an attractive salmon-egg red and very tasty,
although maybe not as plentiful as the other two species. They are relished by
many wild animals and were held in high regard by Native groups. Growing from
3-12,’ Red Huckleberry is widespread in the Northwest. It is hardy from USDA
6-10. It prefers partial shade and rotted log material. An excellent neighbor
for the Pacific Rhodie. |
|
|
Vaccinium scoparium (Grouseberry, Red Alpine Blueberry)
This
plant could easily be considered a groundcover never reaching more than 1’ in
height. It grows well at sub alpine elevations in Canada and across the Western
United States, USDA zones 3-9. Grouseberry does especially well in open forests
like that of Lodge Pole Pine and on dry rocky slopes. The pointed leaves are
small and borne on strongly angled stems. The small pink urn shaped flowers and
tiny red berries are sometimes easy to miss among the dense foliage. This shrub
can fill in difficult bare exposed areas well.
|
 |
|
Viburnum edule (Squashberry, Moosewood Viburnum)
This fine deciduous shrub grows rapidly to 4.’ The leaves have three lobes
with sharp serrations and turn bright red in autumn. When they fall, the smooth
reddish bark is visible. The flowers are small and gorgeous, in 1” bouquets.
The bright red berries are tart and juicy and remain on the bush throughout the
winter. They make a wonderful cranberry sauce for Thanksgiving and can be picked
throughout the fall and winter. In fact, a touch of frost will bring up their
sugar and Vitamin C content. Occurring in moist woods and swamps throughout
North America and in Eastern Asia, Squashberry is hardy from USDA zones 5-9.
Limited quantity; this species is very hard to find commercially.
|
 |
|
Viburnum ellipticum (Oval Leaf Viburnum)
This fine, deciduous shrub has hairy stalks and deeply toothed, attractive
foliage. The white flowers form dense clusters of 1-2.” The fruit is red and
clustered – very showy. It is at home in the Pacific Northwest from southern
Washington to northern California (USDA 7-9), where it occurs in thickets and
open woods. It is somewhat drought tolerant and survives in drier sites than V.
edule, above.
|
 |
|
Viburnum opulus var. americanum (American Cranberry Bush, Snowball)
This is the American variety of
European Cranberry Bush, Viburnum opulus. It grows quickly to reach 8-12,’
with many stems. The deeply lobed leaves are glossy and attractive. Flat
clusters of lacy, white flowers unfurl in May. Red autumn foliage stands out, as
do the scarlet berries. These edible berries are rich in Vitamin C and are
sought out by many wildlife species. Viburnum trilobum does well in a moist site
with full to partial sun. It is native from Oregon north through Canada and very
hardy (USDA 2-7).
|
 |
|
Vitis californica (Western Wild Grape)
This deciduous, climbing vine grows to 30’ and can also be allowed to sprawl
as a unique ground cover. The leaves are large with 3-5 lobes. Bees are
attracted to the flowers and birds to the small purple edible grapes. In fall,
the plant embraces Van Gogh’s glorious palette – all shades of yellow,
orange and red in dizzying combinations! This wild grape is native to riparian
areas in Oregon and California, USDA zones 7-10. It is useful in restoration
projects as it is easy to establish. It prefers moist sites but will not survive
in standing water. Interestingly, this species is resistant to phylloxera aphids
that nearly destroyed the wine industry in the late 19th century. Presently,
most commercially-grown grapes have been grafted on to V. Californica rootstock.
|
 |
