WALLACE W HANSEN

Native Plants of the Northwest
Native Plant Nursery & Gardens

2158 Bower Ct S.E., Salem, Oregon 97317-9216

E-Mail: Wallace W Hansen
PHONE  503-581-2638, FAX 503-549-8739

Click here for Home Page: www.nwplants.com

Updated March 26, 2008

PLANT CATALOG - TREES

Special Information

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NORTHWEST CONIFERS - STATELY NATIVE FIRS

Abies amabilis (Pacific Silver Fir)

Not surprisingly, this rare tree is also known as “Lovely fir.” The leaves have silver undersides, giving them a soft, feathery appearance. The bark is similarly silver and develops scales with age. The cones stand upright and are a deep, royal purple. Growing along the coast between southern Alaska and Northern California at mid to high elevations (USDA zones 7a – 9a), this majestic conifer can be found in shaded, wet forests and does not occur in areas with summer droughts. This species is an excellent choice for watershed plantings. Reaching 120’ in the wild, it will generally peak at 50’ in the garden, growing about 20” per year. Many wildlife species use this plant as habitat, and the Northern Spotted owl, Olympic salamander and mountain goat depend on it. It can serve as a unique and subtle Christmas tree, offering calm amid the holiday din.

This sweet-smelling coniferous tree is found at high elevations (2,000’ to 10,000’) in the Pacific Northwest, south to Baja, California and throughout the states of Utah, Wyoming, Nevada and Idaho (USDA zones 5a – 10a). It is most commonly found in Oregon and California, where it can reach heights of 75 – 120.’ This tree is an exceptional ornamental in the home garden, where it is prized for its bluish-silver, almost white, needles. It is an excellent soil stabilizer and valuable for disturbed sites. While it can tolerate shade, it far prefers full sun. Being a slow growing species, it is best to select a sunny spot and protect young trees from deer or rodent browsing that might slow growth. White fir is very hardy and can tolerate heat and drought. It cannot, however, tolerate pollution and all forms of pest-, herb-, and fungicide should be avoided.

Abies grandis (Grand Fir)

Stately, and beautiful it is every bit a grand species, prized for its use as an ornamental and timber tree. This evergreen is found in two regions: the Pacific coast from British Columbia to California, and in the interior, from Alberta to Idaho. Hardy to USDA zone 6, this species is found most commonly at low elevations on North-facing slopes. It indicates and often dominates moist habitats and is shade tolerant. Being the fastest growing of all fir species, it can grow as much as 3’ in one year. At full maturity, the Grand Fir may reach heights of 200.’ The branches are low and abundant, with dark green to bright green, glossy needles. The tree gives off a slight citrus scent. The Grand Fir has gained popularity as a Christmas Tree in recent years and makes a fine display before being planted out.

A beautiful, small evergreen tree, with delightful forms, this is the most widespread of the Abies genus. Found from the Yukon to New Mexico and west to the Pacific coast, this variety favors high elevations, cold climates and moist sites. Hardy USDA zones 2-9. Trees grow slowly, reaching 80’ at maturity, with a narrow, conical shape and spiky, cathedral-like spires. The 1½” needles are stiffly upturned and blue gray-green in color. Perfect for small gardens and mitigation projects, the Sub-Alpine is a natural pioneer in disturbed areas and prevents erosion. When heavily laden with snow (a common winter occurrence in much of its range) the lowest branches often touch the ground and by spring, will have grown roots!

Abies procera (Noble Fir)

This highly ornamental, hardy (USDA zones 5 - 10) evergreen tree is native to the Pacific Northwest and is common at high, west side elevations. At full maturity, it can reach 200,' its straight, massive trunks remaining clear of branches to 100.' The 7" cones are a highly visible, deep purplish brown and stand erect above the sprays of blue-green needles. They disintegrate on the tree, leaving behind a core, rather than falling as whole cones to the ground. It is this characteristic that distinguishes the Abies genus (the "true firs") from other conifers. This species likes sun and good drainage and dislikes alkaline soils and high winds. It is easily transplanted but will be content to grace your verandah for many years as a potted plant.

This magnificent, hardy, fast-growing evergreen tree is common in the Pacific Northwest, from central British Columbia to California and hardy to USDA zone 4. Reaching 200,' it develops majestic spires on the top, while the lower branches droop gracefully. The dark green foliage stands in vivid contrast to the 4" cones - a favorite food of wildlife. These trees are reported to live as many as 1000 years and develop huge trunks and thick, fire resistant bark. Better yet, they grow on most soils, often under conditions hostile to other conifers. Douglas fir likes full sun and a heavy layer of mulch in the fall, if they are to be planted in the garden. Shear them back to form a large hedge and enjoy their sweet smell as you pass by.

NORTHWEST CONIFERS - GRACEFUL NATIVE CEDARS

A handsome evergreen, with a distinctive columnar form to heights of 90.’ Growing at mid to high elevations throughout the Oregon Cascades and south into Baja, California (hardy USDA 5-8), this species can tolerate extremes of moisture and temperature, but prefers areas with summer drought. The lustrous foliage of this tree is densely massed and vivid green, flowing right to the ground. The bark is scaled and reddish brown and the cones are small, with six scales. This fast-growing cedar is a wise choice for hedges and screens, especially used along driveways and borders, as it can be sheared to desirable shapes. Such a hedge will protect your privacy, reduce your heating bills and minimize noise, while attracting wildlife and filling the air with its distinct perfume.

Every garden needs this romantic cedar. A rare find in the wild, this cedar grows at low elevations, on moist, shaded sites in a narrow band just inland of the coast from southern Oregon to northwestern California (USDA zone 9). The graceful, blue-green foliage forms dense, fern-like sprays. Mature trees can reach 100,’ forming wide, impressive trunks. This plant prefers good drainage and is one of the most shade-tolerant trees in the Pacific Northwest. Grown as a hedge, this species is amenable to shearing and the clippings make beautiful holiday wreaths. Many varieties and cultivars are available but this offering is the 'original.'

A handsome, medium size evergreen conifer, to 80’ tall, 3’ diameter in the wild, but usually 30-45’ tall under cultivation. Growing from British Columbia to Northern California, this plant is hardy to USDA zone 4 and prefers higher elevations and deep, rich soils. Yellow-green, gray-green or blue-green needles hang from pendulous branches. The trunks are squared, with peeling bark, revealing a yellowish inner bark. The cones of this species are distinct: they form as blue-green “berries” with a waxy coating and eventually become small, brown cones. This species is extremely hard to find in nurseries.

Cupressus bakeri (Baker's Cypress, Modoc Cypress)

A beautiful and rare tree from Southern Oregon, where it is found on dry, usually north-facing slopes. Hardy USDA zones 7-9. This species is completely intolerant of shade and poor drainage. It will grow to 65’ and 2’ in diameter, although it is an extremely slow-growing tree. The thin, gray brown bark peels from the trunks, while the branches reach upwards, like an exclamation of joy. Clusters of 15-30, tiny cones adorn the branches and from the leaves emanates an intoxicating aroma. Interestingly, the seed of this tree often depend on wildfire to open the tight cones and disperse the seed. This variety is exceptionally hard to find in nurseries!

This is a magnificent cedar, much revered by the Northwest Native peoples. Such was their respect and dependence on this tree that it was called “tree of life.” Western Red Cedar is found on the coast from southern Alaska to northern California and also in the Rocky mountains from Alberta to Idaho and Montana (USDA zones 3b-9). In the north it is restricted to lower elevations (under 1,000’). Western Red Cedar grows rapidly, reaching 180’ and develops massive, tapered boles and a broad, triangular shape – highly ornamental. The branches droop down but turn up at the ends. Both the wood and foliage are highly fragrant. This versatile species prefers moist soil but is extremely adaptable. Can stand in some water in the winter. Shearing can produce hedges which are particularly useful as windbreaks.

NORTHWEST CONIFERS - HANDSOME NATIVE SPRUCE

Picea breweriana (Brewer's Spruce, Weeping Spruce)

This stunning ornamental is rare in the wild and hard to find commercially. Brewer’s spruce is native only to small areas in Southwestern Oregon, though good for USDA zones 6-7. Outstanding are its characteristic drooping branches. While it can reach 120,’ it is very slow-growing. It prefers cold, moist sites but will not survive in saturated soils. It grows at high elevations and is often found on very steep, north-facing slopes. The scaling bark is whitish while the cones are 4 - 6" and the needles are a dark, blue-green. A rare garden treasure.

A slender, spire-shaped evergreen that grows slowly to reach 100.’ The foliage is light blue, often silvery and the 1-2” cones are a deep purple. The branches spread at right angles to the trunk and droop only slightly. Occurring at high elevations, this tree is found throughout much of western Canada and the US and is more common in the Rocky Mountains than on the Pacific Coast. It is hardy to USDA zone 3. Englemann spruce prefers rich, moist acidic soil and a sunny spot. However, providing transplants with shade, whether from other plants or from artificial means, is an excellent measure to ensure the plant becomes well established.

A fast-growing, giant evergreen, reaching 250’ and 6’ in diameter, the Sitka spruce favors both freshwater and saltwater wetland areas where it often dominates. It is found in a limited range along the Pacific coast from central Alaska to northern California and is very common in southern Alaska and northern British Columbia. Hardy USDA zones 6-7. It has found great popularity in Britain, where it has been introduced. The stiff, sharp-pointed, 1” long, green needles grow from all sides of the twigs. The 4” cones hang from the branches and have sharp scales. The bark is similarly noted for its scales. This species is valued for its light-weight timber, useful in making boats and musical instruments.

OTHER OUTSTANDING NORTHWEST CONIFERS

Juniperus communis (Common Juniper)

This is a far-reaching tree juniper, which can be found in regions of North America, Asia, and Europe. While junipers are mostly considered coniferous shrubs, this one reaches from 6-20’ and can be as wide with an upright habit. Expect it to grow larger in lower elevations. Sun and good drainage are all that is necessary to grow this draught tolerant plant once it is established. The berries appear at about 3 years of age and have long been used to flavor gin. Native Americans used the reddish brown bark and the needles to make medicine for upper respiratory ailments. Common Juniper can be grown in USDA zones 1-9 and is very adaptable.

Juniperous scopulorum (Rocky Mountain Juniper)

This is a tree juniper, which is most commonly found in Rocky Mountain regions, but can sometimes be found lower in dryer areas of Puget Sound, USDA zones 1-10. Known for its reddish brown shredding bark and unusual size of up to 30-40’, this juniper needs a little more space to reach its potential. The crown is more tight and rounded than most junipers and along with its divided trunk, can have a very sculptural appearance. The scale like needles are gray green and fragrant, and the berries are a bluish color. Plant Rocky Mountain Juniper in an open, sunny, well-drained site.

Larix lyallii (Alpine Larch)

The deciduous nature of this conifer allows it to survive extreme weather conditions. The needles turn a wonderful yellow color in fall which is one of Alpine Larch’s most outstanding features. The clusters of soft green needles that emerge in spring are also attractive. It is an open branched tree reaching from 15-to 60’ depending on how difficult the conditions. In less harsh settings it will likely be a tall tree but never dense allowing sun to reach plants underneath. Tamarack is found in pure stands in limited areas at timberline levels in the eastern portions of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Montana as well as parts of Canada, USDA zones 3-8. Alpine Larch is a versatile tree capable of handling full sun and draught as well as wind and snow.

Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Dawn Redwood)

(Reestablished Native Of The Pacific Northwest) 

Stretching back into the mysterious past, this tree grew widely in the area now know as the Pacific Northwest. About sixteen million years ago, the ice age descended on this area and killed all the Dawn Redwood, leaving only fossils behind.

Then in 1941 in Western China, botanists discovered a small stand of living Dawn Redwood! Subsequently, seed was brought to America and the plant is now available, nursery grown. What a wonderful true story – a survival miracle of Beauty and Grandeur!

This tree grows fast when young. Bright green leaves. Grows to 100 ft tall. In the fall, the Dawn Redwood leaves turn a beautiful gold color before falling! What an addition to the native plant garden – a mysterious link to an ancient heritage!

A magnificent evergreen that barely gets into Oregon. Hardy west of the Cascades. Very rapid growth - 3 to 5 feet per year. Tallest of the world's trees - can reach 300 feet tall and 25 feet in diameter. Sun to partial shade.

A beautiful, huge evergreen from Northern California. Hardier than Coast Redwood, a bit slower growth. Eventually can get 30 ft trunk diameter.

A graceful, rapidly growing, spire-like evergreen that can reach 200 ft. Short, uneven needles in flat arrays. Small cones, horizontal branches with droopy tips. Sun or shade. Best for the west side.

An outstanding, slow growing, beautiful small evergreen, 10 - 80 ft, native to the high mountains. Gray green foliage, often glaucous. Ideal for small gardens, bonsai.

NORTHWEST NATIVE PINE TREES

This magnificent pine is included with the Northwest natives, although it naturally occurs just outside the Northwest, high in the mountains of Colorado and Arizona. It is hardy to USDA zone 4, thriving in full sun and rocky soil where it is unaffected by drought or wind. This extremely slow-growing tree reaches 30’ and often develops multiple stems and delightful, contorted shapes. Some speculate that these fine trees live "forever" and indeed some have reached 5,000 years. This white pine has five 1” needles, continually covered with white resin dots. The cones are 3½” long with purple hues and very sharp scales. This small tree lends itself well to small gardens and bonsai and, because it rarely looses its needles, it makes an excellent potted plant or Christmas tree.

This fast growing, two-needle yellow pine is closely related to Lodgepole pine. Native to the west coast, including the San Juan Islands and the Oregon coast, Shore pine is hardy in USDA zones 5 -10. Being highly tolerant of poor soils and saline conditions, it occurs in the wild on sandy bluffs along the seashore and also in peat bogs at higher elevations, where it  becomes a natural bonsai. The short, dark green needles are 1-2½” long and curve slightly while the cones are ¾ - 2.” Usually a small tree, it can reach heights of 50’ with intricate branching forms. It is fantastic in a small garden or as a hedge. A quick way to establish a native garden framework from bare ground is to plant a variety of small to large Shore pines.

This graceful tree is a tall and slender, two-needle, yellow pine, with very little taper and grows quickly to reach heights of 75.’ Native to the interior, this tree is found as far north as the Yukon, throughout the Rocky Mountains and west to the Cascades between USDA zones 5 - 10. In Oregon, this tree grows on recent volcanic deposits. The yellow-green needles grow in pairs and are 1-3.” They contrast well with the reddish brown bark. Lodgepole pine is a great tree for group plantings, but equally valuable as a bonsai specimen or ornamental. Native Bands used the straight poles for their lodges, hence the name.

Pinus monticola (Western White Pine)

A beautiful, tall pine, to 150,’ the Western White Pine is the State tree of Idaho. It is found at mid to low elevations through the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia to Montana and at high elevations along the Pacific coast. It is tolerant of a wide variety of soils and moisture levels and is hardy to USDA zone 4. This highly ornamental tree has gray scaly bark and blue-green needles from 2-4” long. The cones are 5" to 12" long and collected for crafts as they are beautiful and smooth.

A magnificent, three-needle yellow pine, the Ponderosa pine grows rapidly, reaching 200’ with widths of 30.’ The deep green needles are 6 – 10.” Large, brown bristly cones grow to 4,” often in pairs, and persist on the tree for a long time. Found in USDA zones 5 – 10, this tree grows from British Columbia to southern California, east to North Dakota and southeast to Texas. Ponderosa pine likes plenty of room and deep, light, porous soil as it develops a long taproot. These trees are highly drought-resistant and can grow in full sun, where they exude a glorious vanilla scent! They are excellent specimens for coastal planting, being very tolerant of salt spray. I offer plants from two different seed sources as described below.

Plants from seeds native to the East Side of the Cascades.
Nearly 100% of Ponderosa come from this seed. This typical Ponderosa Pine likes drier sites.

When early settlers came to the Willamette Valley, some Ponderosa were found that were native to the wetter climate of the Valley. A few of these ancient trees remain and are the source for these plants. These pines will tolerate damp, boggy sites.

Pinus sabiniana (California Foothill Pine, Grey Pine)

While not small, this pine is a little more manageable in the landscape. It will still reach up to 70’ tall over time and 30’ wide. Because it has a very open growth habit, it casts very little shade which may be a plus where sun is desired. The trunk is often forked and the reddish brown bark will become plated as it ages. Not all pines produce edible pine nuts but this one does. Native Americans knew this and used the nuts as a food source. This tree is found along the Pacific coast of California and in the Sierra Nevada region, and does well in USDA zones 5-9. Digger Pine is an attractive smaller conifer where many larger conifers are prohibitive.

NORTHWEST BROAD-LEAVED EVERGREEN TREES

A beautiful, elegant broad-leaved evergreen, 30 - 70 ft. Famous for its smooth, reddish brown trunk, its large evergreen leaves and small red berries. Often grows on dry bluffs and poor soil. Sheds bark, berries and leaves. Tree trunks often bends at graceful angles. Superb as a single tree or in drifts. Does best in a south or west exposure, well drained. Do not over-water or fertilize. Salal does nicely below Madrone. A must for every garden. Nearly impossible to survive when dug in the wild.

Cercocarpus betuloides [montanus] (Birch Leaf Mountain. Mahogany, Alder Leaf Mahogany)

The leaves of this Mountain Mahogany truly are rounded and deeply veined like Birch or Alder leaves. They are dark green and leathery with silky hairs underneath. This tree is semi-evergreen in the Rocky Mountain region, and evergreen when found in its native Southern Oregon location. It does well in USDA 3-10. This is a tough, draught tolerant, sun-loving tree, which will reach 25’ and become very sculptural. Birch Leaf Mahogany bears single cream cup shaped flowers followed in Fall by attractive upright twisted plume like seed heads. This tree is a welcome addition in a dry spot needing a touch of green.

Cercocarpus ledifolius (Curl Leaf Mountain Mahogany)

A very unusual, small evergreen tree for dry sunny sites. Mature trees can reach 45 feet but expect around 25 feet in most landscape situations. A native of Western North America this tree is often found along side pine trees in mountainous regions where rocky soils are present. The small glossy dark green leaves have rolled margins and are hairy underneath. Small white flowers appear along the leaf axles but more decorative are the long fuzzy plumed fruit. It is hardy in USDA zones 5-9, and very draught tolerant once established. The gray bark becomes attractive and furrowed with age and the new twigs are an attractive red. Native Americans used this tree medicinally and also made a dye from the red inner bark. The hard wood was great for smoking meat and sturdy for making arrow shafts. Mountain Mahogany is listed as important Winter forage for big game animals due to the unusually high protein content of the leaves.

Chrysolepis chrysophylla var. chrysophylla (Giant Chinkapin, Golden Chinkapin)

Over time, Chinkapin can become quite large but is slow growing, so expect it to remain smaller making it a great under-story tree. They are found at the edge of the forest where light is filtered. It is a broadleaf evergreen tree with long thin dark glossy leaves that are golden underneath. After two years, Chinkapin will produce creamy catkin like flowers followed by a nut in a spiny outer casing. The smooth young bark is eventually replaced with rough reddish plated bark. Found at low to middle elevations between the coast and Cascade Mountains from Southern Washington down through Northern California USDA zones 8-9.

This shrubby form of Tan Oak, with its greenish gray leaves, grows only 3 - 5' tall. It is perfect for small gardens.

A fine evergreen, broad-leaved tree, this oak is found from south-western Oregon, throughout California and east to Nevada and Arizona. It is hardy in USDA zones 5-10 and grows on dry, rocky slopes and in canyons. A mature tree will reach 30 - 80' and develop a wide, majestic crown. The yellow-green, 3" leaves are white underneath and can be either smooth or serrated. Plant this beauty in a dry, well-drained site, in sun or partial shade. Do not over-water, fertilize or use any insecticide or fungicide on it. Probably the most ancient of American oaks, the hard wood of this tree was used extensively by early settlers for mauls (giving it one of its many names) and as wagon wheels.

This shrubby evergreen oak is native to Oregon and California, but is hardy to USDA zone 5. It grows to 5 - 10' with a spread of 3.' Sadler's oak is best planted in partial sun and watered only moderately until established. Do not fertilize. This is an excellent variety for small gardens.

A delightful, shrubby evergreen oak, very similar in appearance to the tree, Canyon Live Oak, but reaching only 4 - 5.' Native to dry sites at high elevations in California, Nevada and Oregon, Huckleberry oak is hardy in USDA zones 7-10. In the wild, bears, deer and a variety of birds feed on the acorns. This is an excellent choice for containers or small gardens. It is also an invaluable species for erosion control and is extremely resistant of drought and high winds. I have a very limited quantity of this rare plant.

An outstanding broad-leaved evergreen tree, Oregon myrtle is a treasure in the landscape, with its glossy green leaves, dark berries and aromatic foliage. Found only in California and Oregon, this tree is hardy to USDA zone 7. In the interior of its range, it grows slowly, but on the coast it grows quickly to reach heights of 60 - 100' and a width of 20,' with multiple stems and beautiful patterns in the wood. It will be quite stunted in full sun. This tree is a riparian species and is superb species for wetland restoration projects or as a hedge in a moist, shaded site. The fragrant foliage has been used medicinally but is toxic to some people.

NORTHWEST NATIVE DECIDUOUS TREES - MAPLE FAMILY

A beautiful small, deciduous tree, essential for native gardens. Found as an under story plant to tall evergreens, from southern BC to northern California and east to the Cascades, Vine Maple is hardy in USDA zones 7-8. This elegant tree grows quickly to 10-15' with multiple trunks and spreads to 20' widths, much like a vine. Brilliant red and orange colors signal the arrival of autumn, while showy white flowers appear in early spring. Every bit as decorative as Japanese maples, these trees have an added bonus of providing local wildlife with food. Vine maples like moisture and but will tolerate summer drought once established. They will not thrive in intense heat.

Douglas maple is native to both sides of the Cascades, from southeastern Alaska to southwestern Alberta and south into New Mexico and California. It thrives at high elevations and is hardy to USDA zones 5-10. Similar to but hardier than Vine Maple, this tree is often multi-stemmed. It reaches its maximum height of 30' quickly. In autumn it puts on a splendid display of orange, red and yellow colors.

Acer grandidentatum (Bigtooth Maple, Rocky Mountain Sugar Maple)

This Western version of the beloved Sugar Maple has sweet edible sap that runs in colder regions much like that of its Eastern cousin. While it can reach 50’, it will most likely remain 20-30’ tall at maturity and be nearly as wide. The dark green leaves have 3-5 lobes and very blunt teeth, thus giving it the name Bigtooth Maple. It can be found growing at low desert elevations, along well-drained stream banks, and even in high mountain regions, proving this tree’s versatility. This North American native can be grown most anywhere in USDA zones 3-10 with minimal care. As with many deciduous maples, this one is known for its vibrant yellow, orange, and red Fall leaf color. This is a wonderful single or multi-stemmed tree for the smaller garden or mass plantings along banks and hillsides.

Among the most handsome of maples, these impressive trees host a variety of moss, lichens and Licorice Ferns on their very bark, adding to their incredible beauty. These rapidly growing maples are hardy from USDA 7-10 and grow along the Pacific coast to the west side of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada mountains. At maturity, they can reach 100,' with a 50' spread. The leaves reach 1' in diameter and blanket the forest in brilliant yellows and golds when they fall. Come spring and the branches will be laden with creamy yellow flowers. Native plants such as Salal, Oregon Grape and Sword Fern work well for under story plantings.

NORTHWEST NATIVE DECIDUOUS OAKS

Garry Oak captures the charm of Western Oregon. Centuries of cold winters, hot dry summers, winds and rain shape this nostalgic tree. The twisted and gnarled branches hold the mysteries of time past - the perfect oak for the Northwest, but increasingly rare in the wild. They are found on dry hillsides along the coast from BC to California and inland to the Sierra Nevada in USDA zones 6-9. They prefer full sun and tolerate drought and harsh winds. Growing slowly to 90,' Garry Oaks can live for 500 years. Their leathery dark green leaves, 3 - 6," turn brown in the fall. The leaves are very high in nutrients (especially phosphorous) and make exceptional mulch.

This handsome oak has outstanding foliage - bristled leaves with pointed lobes that reach 4-10." It grows far faster than other oaks and matures to reach 30-75' with irregular trunks and a majestic, broad canopy. It is both attractive and practical, providing excellent shade and a fall show of brilliant reds, yellows and oranges. California black oak is native to Southwest Oregon and is also found in the Sierra Nevada ranges of California, in USDA zones 6-10. This oak will grow on dry benches but is less drought tolerant than Quercus garryana and will benefit from regular watering in the first year especially. Chose a sunny to partially shaded site with acidic, sandy or gravelly soil for this rare beauty.

NORTHWEST NATIVE DECIDUOUS TREES - BIRCH FAMILY

This attractive, native alder grows rapidly to 50’ and often forms clumps. It is similar to Red alder but grows inland, rather than along the coast. In the wild it is found from BC to California, in USDA zones 6-10. It has smooth gray bark that only occasionally becomes rough, reminiscent of its cousin the birch. In spring, the male catkins release their store of pollen to the female flowers, or cones, which persist until the following autumn when they finally disintegrate. White alder is a riparian species that will grow in moist soils and even in a minimal amount of standing water, making it an invaluable species for wetland restoration projects. This species will tolerate wind and heat, but not drought.

An attractive, fast growing tree, Red alder attains heights of 75.’ A coastal tree, it grows no more than 100 miles inland, from southern Alaska to California in USDA zones 7-10. They are found growing on poor, moist soils and on steep slopes, where they prevent erosion. The bark is gray and the leaves remain a vibrant green until they drop. Red alder has many medicinal qualities and is also used as a dye plant. It is the most important commercial hardwood in the Pacific Northwest. The roots of Red alder fix nitrogen at rates of 40-300 lbs per acre, (compared to 105 lbs per acre for soybeans). They are an outstanding species for reclaiming bare land. Red alder can tolerate some drought and thrives in brackish wetlands. It transplants well.

A beautiful shrubby tree, Sitka alder grows to 15’ tall and 10’ wide. It is found at high elevations along the coast from central Alaska to California and east across North America in USDA zones 2-8. In its native habitat this tree is invaluable. It grows quickly to form thickets that provide wildlife habitat. Furthermore, it improves the soil through nitrogen fixation and its rich leaf litter, it stabilizes steep slopes, avalanches rarely damage it and it slows the flow of water during spring snowmelt.

This shrub is similar to the Paper birch tree, but develops multiple stems and reaches only 6 - 8.’ This shrub likes moisture and is found in boggy areas throughout central to northern United States, along the entire Pacific Coast and north across Canada to the Arctic and into Greenland. It is hardy to USDA zone 2. In the northernmost stretches of its range it remains stunted at only 6-8.” Here, in the muskegs of the permafrost, this shrub provides critical habitat and browse for wildlife. It has tiny, glossy, oval leaves from ¼ - 1” long and twigs with noticeable resin glands (hence the Latin, “glandulosa”).

Yukon White Birch bears great resemblance to our native Paper Birch but is a much smaller tree of only 20-40 feet at maturity. It is often multi-stemmed and has the same peeling white to tan bark so loved among the birch family. This as an extremely cold hardy tree that grows wild in Alaska and Western Canada, USDA zones 1-8. Expect the typical heart shaped strongly toothed leaves and dangling male and female catkins each spring followed later by a winged nutlet or seed. The characteristic that distinguish Yukon Birch from other birches is the resin dots that can be found on the under sides of the leaves and on the twigs. The resin contains a disinfectant zylitol and in ancient times was chewed like gum. Birch bark was used as paper for writing and for building canoes and making baskets. Light colored birch wood is used today for furniture and cabinetry. Birches can not be rivaled for their white bark and this one will fit into even the smallest landscape.

Similar to Paper birch, the Red birch occurs in the eastern ranges of the Pacific Northwest, east to Minnesota and south into New Mexico and California. This cold-hardy birch grows at high elevations and can survive in USDA zones 5-10. It favors moist but not waterlogged soils along mountain streams where it is browsed by Bighorn sheep. This tree forms clumps and often reaches 30.’ The coppery-brown bark is highlighted by the deep green leaves and by the brilliant autumn color.

A beautiful, native birch, this tree should grace every garden. Hardy to USDA zone 2, the Paper birch is found throughout all of North America. Mature trees have white bark that peels off in thin layers. The heart-shaped leaves are larger than European birches, averaging 3”x2,” and these natives hold their white bark color well. This tree is especially attractive in clumps, which frequently occur in the wild, and can attain heights of 100.’ In fall, the leaves of paper birch reliably turn a cheerful yellow color. It grows well in moist, not soggy, soils in full sun. Paper birch gives that touch of class and elegance to the native garden.

An attractive, small tree reaching 20 – 30’ tall and 6’ wide, with multiple arching branches. The long, pendant male catkins form in late winter to give charm and ornamental value and are the first native blooms of spring. The leaves resemble large, crinkled birch or alder leaves, although far more decorative. The bark is smooth and the twigs often crisscross beautifully. Squirrels like the edible nuts, as do many people! Western hazelnut is shade and moisture tolerant and prefers a slightly alkaline soil. This variety is native only to the west coast, but hardy USDA zones 4-8. With a little effort, Western hazelnut can be trained to form a unique hedge, offering a bounty of nutritious, gourmet snacks. It's a tough species that survives attacks of civilization with grace, making an excellent tree for city planting. Not available for sale in Oregon unless approved by Dept. of Agriculture.

NORTHWEST NATIVE DECIDUOUS TREES - WILLOW FAMILY

This small ornamental tree is of the highest quality, growing rapidly to reach at least 30' and developing a full, round crown. The triangular leaves quiver on long, flattened stalks. In fall, the brilliant golden fall leaves underscore the soft, greenish bark. Quaking aspen is extremely adaptable and occurs across North America, to USDA zone 1. Along the Pacific coast, it grows from the Bering Strait to Mexico. It prefers moist but not soggy sites and is often planted in groups. This tree forms a dense root system and is an excellent choice for soil reclamation projects or planting after a fire. There is an old fashioned charm about Quaking Aspen. The gentle trembling leaves on a warm summer day create a peaceful garden.

This splendid poplar is the largest in America. With an astonishing growth rate (up to 5'/year) it reaches 180.' It is found in Europe and along the entire Pacific coast to the Prairies, between USDA zones 5-10. The bark is a dark gray and the 6" leaves are triangular, thick, and glossy. Male and female catkins occur on separate trees and are followed by masses of cottony seeds. Native groups used this tree extensively and the sticky, resinous buds, from which comes an intoxicating fragrance, are disinfectant and found in herbal products. This tree attracts birds and butterflies and is helpful in wetland restoration as it takes up excess nitrogen and prevents erosion. Caution: the root system can interfere with septic beds.

This petite willow is rounded and shrubby with stout, stiff branches. It remains small, reaching only 20' at maturity with a spread of up to 10.' It has lovely, hairy oval leaves, soft to the touch, with grayish green hues. In spring, large, 4" catkins burst into halo of yellow anthers, celebrating the end of the dark days. This tree grows in eastern Siberia but in North America it is native only to the Pacific coast, from Alaska to northwestern California. It is hardy in USDA zones 6-10. Being highly tolerant of salt spray and brackish standing water, this willow is a wise choice for coastal plantings. It is even capable of growing in sand dunes as willows contain potent rooting hormones. In fact, their branches may be placed in water for several weeks and the steeping liquid used as a rooting stimulant for cuttings.

Salix lasiolepis (Arrowyo Willow)

This upright willow will become a small tree to 30’ tall. It is found in low, wet, full sun areas of California USDA zones 8-9. It has long narrow dark glossy leaves that are a bit curled. The flowers are catkins and appear before the leaves in the Spring. Native Americans obtained an aspirin substance from Arrowyo Willow much like the synthesized version on store shelves today. The long slender branches and twigs of the willow are woven into baskets and furniture because they are so pliable. This is a good wetland restoration plant.

Pacific willow is one of the larger native willows, reaching 50' tall with a slender, delicate form. It commonly develops several stems. The bark is cracked and yellow in mature trees while the leaves are 2-6" long, narrow, sharply pointed, much like the leaves of a peach tree. The Pacific willow likes moist, sand or gravelly soil but is tolerant of dry conditions. It is native to the west, from BC to Saskatewan and south to California, in USDA zones 2-9.

A hardy, rapidly growing shrub that can attain 30' and wide spread of 10.' Scouler's willow is found from Alaska to California and east to Manitoba, as well as South Dakota and New Mexico. It is extremely hardy and survives to USDA zone 5. In the wild it is found along streams and in dry, upland sites to 3000' elevation, often following fire (giving it the common name, Fire willow). It is successful at preventing erosion on steep slopes. This willow has red or yellow, velvety twigs and soft hairy dark green leaves. It is a charming "Pussy Willow," bearing subtle, furry catkins, relished by children of all ages. Cut a few for a flower arrangement and bring a smile inside. For large catkins, prune regularly and steep the clippings for a "rooting tea."

This variety is the most common willow of the Pacific Northwest but its range also extends into the Rocky Mountains at low elevations and it is hardy to USDA zone 4. It grows well on sand and gravel bars of rivers and in forest clearings. A distinctive shrub, the Sitka willow grows only 2 - 10' tall and equally wide. Sitka willow has dark brown branches and dark, shiny, 2-4" leaves with velvety undersides. Native groups used this willow for smoking meat and fish, as it does not give off a strong or offensive odor when burned. They used the strong and flexible bark of all willows for making ropes.

NORTHWEST NATIVE DECIDUOUS TREES - ROSE FAMILY

This small deciduous tree grows slowly to a maximum of 20.’ Found on the eastern side of the Cascades in Washington, Oregon and scattered throughout the Prairies, this hawthorn is hardy to at least USDA 5. Similar to C. douglasii, this variety has longer thorns (2-2½” long), the fruit is red instead of black and the leaves are more rounded. Hawthorns are extremely adaptable and can be planted on dry, rocky slopes or moist riverbanks. They can tolerate drought and high levels of pollution but will not tolerate salt-spray. Planted on the borders of your property, hawthorns form a hedge that only the most intrepid will dare cross. They are unpalatable to livestock and deer. Their incredibly hard wood is reflected in name: the Greek word kratos, means strength.

Crataegus douglasii (Douglas Hawthorn, Black Hawthorn)

This delightful tree grows slowly to 10,’ sometimes reaching 20 - 30.’ A hardy tree, it is indigenous along the coast between Alaska and California and inland from New Mexico to Saskatchewan, USDA zones 3–9. Black hawthorn is distinguished by its pendulous branches with dark, shiny, deeply serrated leaves and sharp thorns ½ -1” long, and dense, clusters of intricate, rose-like flowers - simply spectacular. In restoration, the deep roots stabilize the soil. In the garden, this tree attracts birds, butterflies and the most welcomed of garden visitors, the ladybug. This versatile tree prefers full sun and is drought resistant while also tolerating brief periods of flooding. The black berries or haws are edible and make tasty pies and preserves.

Often growing in thickets, this small tree grows moderately fast to reach 40.’ It is native to low elevations from coastal Alaska to northwestern California, USDA zones 6 – 9. Its leaves resemble those of cultivated apple tree leaves, turning red or orange in autumn. The branches are armed with distinctly sharp spur-shoots. White, clustered flowers are smaller than those of cultivated apples but equally fragrant. Fruits are but 1/2" and hang in clusters on long stems. These tart fruits can be picked when immature and stored until ripe – a wise idea as the birds may otherwise beat you to the tasty fruit! Crabapples make a flavorful juice (yielding as much as 2 cups of nutritious juice per lb. of fruit!) or jelly. Crabapples like moist areas and sun or shade.

This attractive tree is sure to bring the birds to your yard! It is native from BC, south to California, east to New Mexico and Montana, in USDA zones 4-8. It is found in riparian areas at low to middle elevations and also an important species to pioneer after logging. Bitter cherry is a lovely tree, reaching 20-50,’ with thin, dark reddish brown bark. Leaves are 1-2” oval with tiny serrations. The highly decorative flowers are in 4-6” posies of no more than ten. The red, juicy, fruit is too bitter for eating and seeds contain cyanide but the birds devour them without affect! This species thrives in loamy soil in sun or partial shade. Native groups peeled the strong bark from trunks to use in basketry and tool making.

Found only in Oregon and California, the Klamath plum tree is hardy only to USDA zone 7. It is a tall shrub or small tree, reaching 25.’ It favors drier, slightly alkaline soils, full sun and will not tolerate heavy shade. Spreading by suckers, the Klamath plum quickly forms thickets and is often associated with Hawthorne. The edible fruit is relished by wildlife and makes flavorful preserves but do take care not to crush the seeds as they contain cyanide.