WALLACE W HANSEN

Native Plants of the Northwest

Native Plant Nursery & Gardens

2158 Bower Ct S.E., Salem, Oregon 97301 E-Mail: Wallace W Hansen
PHONE (503)581-2638 FAX(503)581-9957

Updated February 13, 2003

Wallace Hansen Celebrates Lewis and Clark

List of Lewis and Clark Plants

To gardeners, most interesting aspect of the Lewis and Clark Expedition is the great store of botanical information these pioneers brought back with them. We may never know exactly how many plants were documented, or how many specimens were collected. Myriad studies have been conducted by uncountable experts in this field and no two agree 100% on what was found.

Partly this is because Captains Lewis and Clark lost the majority of their notes and specimens taken between Fort Mandan and Great Falls in 1805 when their storage cache was flooded and all that they thought was safely preserved perished. They dug several of these pits at spots they believed to be above the flood line. They stored food, tools, gunpowder, and other items they would not need until the return trip. Though most were spared, the main cache at the mouth of the Sun River which held bear skins, medicines and the precious plant specimens was virtually destroyed. We don't know how many specimens were lost, but it is estimated at between 200 - 300.

Part of the confusion occurred when the Expedition returned. The adventures of the specimens is quite a story in itself:

• Lewis wanted to include his botanical discoveries in the journals when they were published but he did not have the training to do so.

• He gave them to his mentor, Benjamin Smith Barton of the University of Pennsylvania, who as it turned out did not have time to devote to this project.

• Barton gave the collection to Frederick Pursh, a young botanist of good credentials who was working in Philadelphia at the time as a gardener and plant collector for Philadelphia's and New York's largest estates. Lewis paid Pursh to prepare his specimens and create drawings of the plants.

• However, after over a year of work Pursh's labors ended with Lewis's death and Barton's inability to assist, and Pursh gave the collection to the surviving Captain, William Clark.

• Clark eventually gave them again to Barton who was not in good health and who died in 1815 without working with them at all.

• Barton left the Lewis and Clark specimens and his other collections to the American Philosophical Society where they were stored and ignored for 78 years.

• In the meantime, Pursh still had his notes (and it was later learned that he also had many of Lewis's specimens!). Pursh traveled all over and eventually settled in England where he worked for the Royal Botanic Gardens. Pursh worked with Aylmer Lambert who had a large private collection of pressed plants. With Lambert's guidance (and plant collection), Lewis's specimens and those of many other botanists, Pursh published Flora Americae Septentrionalis (Flora of North America) in 1813. This was a landmark volume, the likes of which had never been seen before, and it was what Lewis and Dr. Barton had intended to write. By allowing due credit to Lewis and Clark's botanical work, Pursh redeemed his cavalier treatment of their specimens somewhat.

• The majority of these specimens had become part of Lambert's collection, but were purchased by Edward Tuckerman after Lambert died in 1842, and Tuckerman gave them to the Academy of Natural Sciences in 1956.

• Forty years later the remaining Lewis and Clark specimens were discovered in storage at the American Philosophy Society, mounted on new specimen sheets and all the sheets are now cared for at the Academy today (except for nine which are at the Royal Botanic Gardens).

Given this convoluted history, it is easy to understand how difficult it would be to state irrevocably exactly what was actually collected by Captains Lewis and Clark.

And of course, part of the reason we've lost some of the information is simply due to the ravages of time which took it's toll on the specimens and journals.

Nonetheless, with thanks to the University of Natural Science's compilation into the Lewis and Clark Herbarium and to the years of research of many botanical scholars, we have a respectable list of plants whose discovery is now generally attributed to Captain Meriwether Lewis and Captain William Clark during the Lewis and Clark Expedition with the Corps of Discovery of 1804 - 1806.

Here at our Northwest Native Plant Nursery, we grow and sell a select group of these plants, many of which can be seen in varying stages of growth in our display gardens.

Why don't we grow them all? We may, in time, expand our catalog but for now the main reasons we don't grow all of the plants Lewis and Clark collected are:

• The most obvious reason is that not all of these plants are native to the Northwest. Several were collected along the trail in their natural habitats of Missouri, South Dakota and Nebraska. Although they could probably be grown in our climate if one were determined to do so, for the most part it is better for the earth (and the gardener!) to grow plants here that are suited to our area without a lot of tedious care. We prefer plants that will thrive and grow naturally.

• Some species' whereabouts are unknown, either lost from destruction of habitat or corruption through cross-pollinization and inbreeding.  

• Not all of the plants that were documented are desirable. Some are even considered noxious weeds! We all know a weed is just a plant that's growing in the wrong place, but unless grown for a specific purpose and strictly controlled, some of the good Captain's findings are best excluded from cultured growth. Examples of "less than lovely" plants for home growing are tansy, vetch, thistles, grasses, Jacob's Ladder and the Yellow-Flowering Pea.

This then, is the list of known plants which were collected by Lewis and Clark (pictures included of those we offer for sale--click on images for purchase information):

Botanical Discoveries: Sitka Spruce (Picea sitchensis)

Fort Clatsop, Oregon, February 4, 1806

Fast growing giant evergreen, reaching 150 ft. Attracts Butterflies & Hummingbirds! Stiff, sharp pointed green needles.

Buy this tree now in bare-root form during our Winter Bareroot Sale. You'll find many of Captain Lewis's other discoveries there also.

The Pacific County Friends of Lewis & Clark are pleased to host author and historian, James Holmberg for a talk and book signing on his new book Dear Brother on Saturday, February 22nd at the Inn at Ilwaco at 3:30 pm. Also, Ron Craig, filmmaker and author will speak on Who Was York?

William Clark wrote at least 45 letters to his older brother, Jonathan, including six that were written during the epic Lewis & Clark expedition. This book publishes all of these letters for the first time, revealing details about the expedition, the mysterious death of Lewis and the status of Clark’s slave York. We learn the details of Clark and York’s falling out and subsequent alienation. Together the letters and the richly informative

Introductions and annotations by James Holmberg provide valuable insights into the lives of Lewis & Clark and the world of Jeffersonian America.

Mr. Holmberg, Curator at the Filson Historical Society in Louisville, Kentucky, specializes in Lewis & Clark history. He wrote the epilogue to the revised edition (2000) of Robert Bett’s In Search of York; The Slave Who Went To The Pacific With Lewis & Clark and edited Dear Brother: Letters of William Clark to Jonathan Clark. Mr. Holmberg was a featured speaker, along with Ron Craig at the opening of the Lewis & Clark Bicentennial at Monticello this January.

Mr. Craig is the Executive Producer of Filmworks Northwest, based in Portland, Oregon. He is currently creating a documentary entitled Who is York? A New Look at the Lewis and Clark Expedition to educate people of all ages about York, the only African American member of he Corps of Discovery. He also has co-authored a children’s book of the same title that will be published by National Geographic during the Bicentennial years. 

The talks and book signing will be held at the historic and charming Inn at Ilwaco, located at 120 Williams Ave, Ilwaco, Washington.  For information on lodging or directions, call 360-642-8686. If you would like to reserve a book or have it mailed to you, please call Time Enough Books in Ilwaco at 360-642-7667.

The Pacific County Friends of Lewis & Clark will serve refreshments after the talks. This event is free and open to the public. Don’t miss this opportunity to hear some of the most foremost experts on Clark and York in the country.

December 7, 2002 - June 15, 2003

"Time Not Wasted -- Winter with the Corps"

Exhibit Lewis and Clark National Trail Interpretive Center

Great Falls, MT

The exhibit portrays the winter encampments of the Lewis and Clark Expedition and how each encampment uniquely met more than the basic needs of survival – due to the natural surroundings and the objectives at the three different locations: Fort Dubois, Fort Mandan, and Fort Clatsop.

The Center’s winter hours are Tuesday through Saturday, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.; and Sunday, noon to 5 p.m.; the Center is closed Mondays during the winter. For more information about the Center and its programs, call (406) 727-8733 or visit www.fs.fed.us/r1/lewisclark/lcic.htm on the Internet. The Center is managed by the USDA Forest Service.

To see back issues of Wallace Hansen Celebrates Lewis and Clark, click on this link to jump to the index. 

The illustrated map below was created by renowned botanical artist Heidi D. Hansen especially for this website. Done in ink and watercolors, Heidi shows many of the plants Captain Lewis documented overlaid atop a map showing a portion of the journey. (Click on image for large view).

Good luck and happy gardening!

Wally

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